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Producing an academic assignment or scientific document requires a systematic and structured insertion of references. Sources must be acknowledged in two ways, through citations and references.
The citation style you employ may be suggested by your faculty or a professor, in the case of a course assignment. In the case of scientific publications, the journal or conference where you want to publish will recommend a style.
- References:
A reference is a set of data that identifies a document or source of information. It tells us where you extracted a citation and helps us find and locate the original piece of work. - Citation:
A citation is an abbreviated form of a reference inserted into the text or as a footnote in a piece of work. It allows us to identify and locate a source of information (book, article, web, chapters etc.) and helps avoid plagiarism. It is an indicator of the quality, attention to detail and rigour in a piece of work. All citations in the text must appear listed in the references. - References:
The references are a list of references of the documents you have cited in a piece of work. They are located at the end of the piece of work. References to citations that are not in the main text should not appear. References begin on a new page immediately after the end of the main text. Page numbering continues in the reference section, the text is justified and French indentation is used.
There are different formats and styles of references and citations. The choice depends on the supervisor of your work, your scientific field or the style conventions of a university or publisher.
UVic-UCC adopts the following style: APA (7th edition) [ca] and ISO 690 [ca]
The most common styles for different fields of study, according to Web of Science are:
| Field of study | Citation style |
|---|---|
| Biosciences | CSE Style Manual C-S or N-Y Harvard System |
| Life Sciences | Council of Science Editors - CSE, 7th ed., Citations-Name |
| Engineering | IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronical Engineers |
| Physics / Chemistry | AIP - American Institute of Physics Style Manual Guide 4th edition |
| Humanities | Chicago 15th ed. (Notes and Bibliography) Turabian, ISO 690 |
| Language and Linguistics | MLA - Modern Language Association |
| Medicine | JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association |
| NLM - National Library of Medicine | |
| UNIFORM | |
| Psychology | APA - American Psychological Association |
| Chemistry | American Chemical Society (Parenthetical citations) |
| Sociology | APA - American Psychological Association |
- APA Style 7th ed Citation Guide - Langara Library
- Styles of citations and referencing electronic documents [spa] (Article published in the Revista Española de Documentación Científica, Oct-Dec. 2000, vol. 23, no. 4, p. 483-496. Ángela Sorli Rojo (CSIC CINDOC))
- Com citar recursos electrònics [ca] Manual by Assumpció Estivill i Cristóbal Urbano
- Bibliografia: Criteris de presentación en els treballs terminològics [ca]. TERMCAT Terminology Center guidelines.
- Guidelines for APA, MLA and Vancouver styles in Catalan [ca] (University of Girona)
When you write references you have to use some abbreviations. They should always be in the language of your piece of work (except the edition, which should be in the language of the original cited document).
Below you will find a table of the most common abbreviations in Catalan.
| Abbreviation | Term |
|---|---|
| comp. | compiler |
| coord. | coordinator |
| dir. | director |
| ed. | editor/s or literary director |
| [et al.] | et al., indicates the omission of authors |
| núm. | series number |
| p. | page/s |
| pp. | Interval between pages |
| para. | paragraph |
| vol. | volume number |
To find Spanish abbreviations, see the CSIC document Listado de abreviaturas para bibliografía [spa].
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